This article analyses the work Apologia against the Godless, attributed to St Athanasius of Paros, printed at Neamț Monastery in 1816 and reprinted in Bucharest in 1819, presenting the historical context of its publication in relation to the European Enlightenment and the Ecumenical Patriarchate’s policy towards Voltairean ideas, as well as the relationship between philosophy and theology set out in the text of the work.