The text analyses the study The History of Christianity as Cultural History, published in 1927 by Professor Teodor M. Popescu upon his appointment to the Chair of Universal Church History at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Bucharest, and examines its contemporary relevance to the debate on the relationship between Christianity, culture and modernity. The philosophical foundations of the work — which draw on the ideas of Rickert, Windelband and Schleiermacher — are examined, alongside the thesis that Christianity, although not a cultural programme, has generated a civilisation that is defined in contrast to its religious origins, whilst remaining its constitutive source.